EC
14 this year
2P1'12
I love science!
Contents learnt in 2012
(Monday, August 20, 2012) (6:56 AM)
Term 1 Contents
-Atomic structure and Periodic Table
->Basically for this chapter we needed to learn the electronic structure of the atom which meant how many protons, neutrons and electrons it had.
->All atoms have the same number of protons as electrons making it a stable atom
->When there are less or more electrons, it becomes unstable thus covalent and chemical bonding occurs to make them from cations and anions to become stable.
->Required to memorise the numbers for the first 20 elements
-Acids and Bases
->Definition of and acid and a base. Acid: Substance which produces hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. Base: Oxides or hydroxides of metals which react with acid to produce salt and water only.
->Take note: All alkalis are bases, whoever not all bases are alkalis
->Strong acids: Hydrochloric acid (HCl)/Nitric Acid (HNO3)/ Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) - ionises/dissociates completely in water to produce hydrogen ions
->Weak acids: Ethanoic acid: Vinegar - ionises/dissociates partially in water to produce hydrogen ions
->Strong Alkalis: ionises/dissociates completely in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-)
->Weak Acids: ionises/dissociates partially in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-)
->Indicators of acids and bases -Litmus paper -> Acids turn it blue to red. Alkalis turn it red to blue.
- Methyl Orange -> Colour change at ph4. Strong acids = orange>red
Alkalis = orange>yellow
- Phenolpthalein -> Colour change at ph9. Strong acids = colourless>pink
- Universal Indicator -> Neutral = green. Strong acid = red. Strong alkali = violet
-Writing chemical equations
Common Cations:
Common Anions:
| Name | Formula | Other name(s) | |
| Aluminum | Al+3 | ||
| Ammonium | NH4+ | ||
| Barium | Ba+2 | ||
| Calcium | Ca+2 | ||
| Chromium(II) | Cr+2 | Chromous | |
| Chromium(III) | Cr+3 | Chromic | |
| Copper(I) | Cu+ | Cuprous | |
| Copper(II) | Cu+2 | Cupric | |
| Iron(II) | Fe+2 | Ferrous | |
| Iron(III) | Fe+3 | Ferric | |
| Hydrogen | H+ | ||
| Hydronium | H3O+ | ||
| Lead(II) | Pb+2 | ||
| Lithium | Li+ | ||
| Magnesium | Mg+2 | ||
| Manganese(II) | Mn+2 | Manganous | |
| Manganese(III) | Mn+3 | Manganic | |
| Mercury(I) | Hg2+2 | Mercurous | |
| Mercury(II) | Hg+2 | Mercuric | |
| Nitronium | NO2+ | ||
| Potassium | K+ | ||
| Silver | Ag+ | ||
| Sodium | Na+ | ||
| Strontium | Sr+2 | ||
| Tin(II) | Sn+2 | Stannous | |
| Tin(IV) | Sn+4 | Stannic | |
| Zinc | Zn+2 |
Common Anions:
| Simple ions: | |||
| Hydride | H- | Oxide | O2- |
| Fluoride | F- | Sulfide | S2- |
| Chloride | Cl- | Nitride | N3- |
| Bromide | Br- | ||
| Iodide | I- | ||
| Oxoanions: | |||
| Arsenate | AsO43- | Phosphate | PO43- |
| Arsenite | AsO33- | Hydrogen phosphate | HPO42- |
| Dihydrogen phosphate | H2PO4- | ||
| Sulfate | SO42- | Nitrate | NO3- |
| Hydrogen sulfate | HSO4- | Nitrite | NO2- |
| Thiosulfate | S2O32- | ||
| Sulfite | SO32- | ||
| Perchlorate | ClO4- | Iodate | IO3- |
| Chlorate | ClO3- | Bromate | BrO3- |
| Chlorite | ClO2- | ||
| Hypochlorite | OCl- | Hypobromite | OBr- |
| Carbonate | CO32- | Chromate | CrO42- |
| Hydrogen carbonate or Bicarbonate | HCO3- | Dichromate | Cr2O72- |
| Anions from Organic Acids: | |||
| Acetate | CH3COO- | formate | HCOO- |
| Others: | |||
| Cyanide | CN- | Amide | NH2- |
| Cyanate | OCN- | Peroxide | O22- |
| Thiocyanate | SCN- | Oxalate | C2O42- |
| Hydroxide | OH- | Permanganate | MnO4- |
-Reproduction in plants
->Functions and structure of the parts of the flower